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1 E. Bertheau, Die Sieben Gruppen Mosaische Gesetze, (Leipzg, 1840) ¤Þ¦Û¡A"Leviticus", Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, And Ecclesiastical Literature, ed. by John McClintock and James Strong, Vol. V, (Baker, reprinted, 1981) pp.402-403.

2 ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡Ap.71.

3 Noth, Leviticus, pp.92-93.

4 HOffmann, Das Buch Leviticus I, p.302

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15 G. Bare, Plants and Animals of the Bible, (United Bible Society, 1969) p. iii¤Þ¥ÎF.S. Bodenheimer.

16 B.L. Goddard, Animals of The Bible, (The National Foundation for Christian Education, 1963) pp.8-9.

17 Bare, Plants and Animals of the Bible; Goddard, Animals of The Bible, G. S. Cansdale, Animals of the Bible Land(Paternoster, 1970); G.R. Driver, "Birds the OT", PEQ 87, (1955): 5-20; B. Clark, "Animals of the Bible", BAR7, (1981): 22-35; H. Rabinowicz, "Dietary Laws", Encycl. Jud. 5: 26-45.

18 Noth, Leviticus, p.91; ¸û¸Ô²Ó®Ñ¥Ø¡A½Ð°ÑW.L. Moran, "The Literary Connection Between LV 11, 13-19 And DT 14, 12-18", CBQ 28, (1966): 271.

19 Carl E. Armerding, The Old Testament and Criticism, (Eerdmans, 1983) pp.125-127; Harry R. Boer, Above The Battle? The Bible And Its Critics(Eerdmans, 1977) pp.35-40; Daniel Harrington, Interpreting The Old Testament, (Michael Glazier, 1981) pp.97-103.

 

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20 Ãã®ü¡A¡]¤¤µØ®Ñ§½¡A1946¡^ p.1293.

21 Noordtzij, Leviticus, p.123; Harrison, Leviticus, p.121; R. Jamieson, "Leviticus", Jameism, Fausset and Brown's Commentary, (Eerdmans, reprinted, 1978) Vol., I, p.456.

22 Webster¨Ñ¦Xªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó¬O¡G"to chew repeatedly for an extended period, " Webster's Third New International Dictionary, vol II, (G. & C. Merriam Company, 1971) p.1987.

23 Áú©Ó¨}¡A¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡Ap.100-101.

24 ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ. p.73.

 

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25 Gispen, Het Boek Leviticus, p.181.

 

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14.ÅcÆN¡@¤å²zøÞ¡A²{¤¤ÂyÆN¡A¨ä¥Lªñ¥N¤¤¤åĶ¥»«h§@»ð¡A§Yªñ¥N­^¤åĶ¥»ªºkite¡CLXX guy gups óç¡A´N¬O­^¤å¶Ç²Î½Ķvultureªº®Ú·½¡C§Æ§B¨Ó¤å ha;D; da{~a{h °Êµü·N«ä¬O­¸§Ö¡]¥Ó¤Ü¤K49¡^¡A¦ý¦Wµü¥u¦b³oùØ¥X²{¡C¥Ó¤Q¥|13¥­¥´ªº°O¸ü¡A¤¤¤å½Ķ¬°øÞ¡A¤pÆN¡AøÞÆN¡A¦h¤F¤@ºØ³¾¦W¡A¦ý³o¨â¸`¸g¤åªº¤ñ¸û­nª`·N´XÂI¡G(1)¥»¸`ªºøÞÆN ha;D;  da{~a{h»P¥Ó¤Q¥|13ªºøÞÆN hy; Di diya{h «÷ªk¦³§O¡A¬O¨âºØ¤£¦Pªº³¾¡F(2)«ö¸g¤å¦¸§Ç¤ñ¸û¡A¨ä¥L³¾¦W¦¸§Ç©M«÷ªk³£¬Û¦P¡A©Ò¥H¥Ó¥|13ªºøÞ¡A§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¬O ha;r; ra{~a{h¡A»P¥»¸`ÅcÆN ha;D; da{~a{h ¥u¦b²Ä¤@­Ó¦r¥À®t§O¡A§Û¥»§å§Pµo²{§Æ§B¨Ó Dd ©M r r®e©ö²£¥Í¤â¥Á¤§»~¡A34©Ò¥H¥Ó©R°OªºøÞ¬Û«H¬O¥»¸`ÅcÆNªºÂµ¼g¿ù»~¡ALXX ©M¦³¨ÇMT§Û¥»´N±N¥¦§ï§@ÅcÆN«÷ªk¡F(3)¥Ó¤Q¥|13ªºÅcÆN h; yDi diya{h ¦b¼»º¿§Q¨È§Û¥»¡A©M¤@¨ÇMT §Û¥»¡A¨ÃLXX ³£¨S¦³³o­Ó¦r¡F(4)¥i¯à¥Ó©R°O¥[¤WÅcÆN§@¬°³o¨Ç³¾ÃþªºÁ`ºÙ¡C

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15.¯Q¾~¡@¦b³o¨Ç³¾Ãþ¤¤¡A¨e¬O¬ù¸û±`´£¤Îªº³¾¡]³Ð¤K7¡F¥Ó¤Q¥|14¡F¤ý¤W¤Q¤C4¡B6¡F§B¤Ê¤K41¡F¸Ö¤@¥|¤C9¡F½e¤Ê17¡Fºq¤­11¡FÁɤʥ|11¡^¡C

16.Àk³¾¡@¬ù¤]¦h¦¸´£¤Î¡]ÁɤQ¤T21¡A¤Ê¥|13¡A¥|¤Q¤T20¡F­C¤­¤Q39¡FÀ±¤@8¡^¡A¡AÀk³¾¬O³¾Ãþ¤¤³Ì¤jªº¡A¦Ó¥B¶]±o³Ì§Ö¡A¦]¦¹¥j¤H§â¨e¬Ý¬°¥b®q¥bÃ~¡C¡AÀk³¾¦í¦bÃm³¥¡A¤U³J¦b¦³¨Fªº¦a¤è¡A¥Î¨F»\¦í¡]§B¤Ê¤E13-18¡F«s¥|3¡^¡A¦Û¤v«o¤£¥ñ³J¡A¥uÂǶ§¥ú¼ö¤O§âÂú³¾¹å¥X¨Ó¡C

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17.   ¤¤¤å½Ķ¥]¬Aù·õ¬¡]¤å²z¡^¡Aì®ì¦¡]§f®¶¤¤¡^¡A¤p±ú¡]«ä°ª¡A·í¥N¸t¸g¡^¡C¸Ö¤@¡³¤G6¦³´£¤Î¡C

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¿ßÀYÆN¡@³o­Ó½Ķ¤£¤j¦X²z¡A¦]¬°«e«áªº³¶³¾³£¬O®·­¹³½Ãþªº¡ALXX ijbi" ibis ¦¶ÆO¬O¥¿½TªºÂ½Ä¶¡A35©Ò¥H¤å²z½Ķ¬°ÆOÅî¡A«ä°ªÄ¶¥»¬Oì®ï¢¡B·í¥N¸t¸g§@ì®±ú¡C³o³¾ªº¥t¤@³B¸g¤å¬OÁɤʥ|11¡C

18.¨¤ì®¡@¨ä¥L¤¤¤å½Ķ¦³¾}¡]¤å²z¦ê¯]¡^©M¥ÕÆO¡]«ä°ª¡A·í¥N¸t¸g¡^¡C

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19.Æ|¡@­C¤K7¡F¨È¤­9¤]´£¤Î³o³¾¡A¤å²z½Ķ¬°¥ÕÅb¡C

ÆOÅî¡@¤å²z§@»aÆO¡A¤å²z¦ê¯]«o¬OÆxÄM¡A§f®¶¤¤µù©Î§@¬õÅb¡CÆOÅî¡A¨ã¨äÃþ§YÆOÃþ¡]«ä°ª¡B·í¥N¸t¸g¡A°Ñ14¸`µù¡^¡C

À¹ï¦¡@©Î§@À¹³Ó¡]§f®¶¤¤¡B«ä°ª¡^¡A¦ý¤]¦³ºÙ¬°ï§¡]¤å²z¦ê¯]¡^¡AÄOÄL¡]¼sªF¸ÜĶ¥»¡^¡C

½¿½»¡@¦ü¹«¦Ó¦³¯Í»H¯à­¸¡A¬O¥b³¾¥bÃ~¤§Ãþ¡AÁöµMÄY®æ«ö°Êª«¾ÇªºÃþ§O¡A½¿½»¬O­÷¨ÅÃþ°Êª«(mammal)¡A¦ý«ö¤@¯ë¤Hªº¬Ýªk¡A±N¦³¯Í»Hªº°Êª«¦C¬°³¾Ãþ¡C¡]3¸`µù¡^

 

26 Letter of Aristeas, 142-147; Wenham, Leviticus, p.174; Jameison, "Leviticus", p.457; Goldberg, Leviticus, p.63.

27 Keil, Biblical Archaelogy II, pp.118-119;

28 Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger, p.56.

29 Clements, "Leviticus", in The Broadman Bible Commentary II, (Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1970) p.34.

30 Áú©Ó¨}¡A¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡Ap.102.

31 ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OÄÀ¸q¡Ap.74¡FÁú©Ó¨}¡A¦P¤W¡FHarrison, Leviticus, p.127.

32 ¤B¨}¤~¡A¦P¤W¡C

33 Harrison, Leviticus, p.128.

34 J. Weingreen, Introduction to The Critical Study of the Text of the Hebrew Bible, (Clarendon, 1982) pp.38-44; D.R. Ap-Thomas, A Primer of Old Testament Tex Criticism, (Blackwell 1964) p.44; Carl Armerding, The Old Testament And Criticism, pp.119-120; F.E. Deist Towards The Text of The Old Testament, (D.R. Church Booksellers, 1978) p.39.

35 Harrison, Leviticus, p.128

 

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21.¦³¨¬¦³»L¡@³o¥y¦³¨â­Ó½Ķªº°ÝÃD¡G(1)©M¦X¥»Â½Ä¶¨Ã¤£²Å¦X­ì¤å¡A wyl;n]r'l] l['M'mi !y['r;k] k#ra{`'ayim mimma, al L#ragla{yw À³¸Ó¬O¼sªF¸ÜĶ¥»¡G¸}¤W¦³ñ¹¡A©Î§f®¶¤¤ªºÂ½Ä¶¦³»L¦b¸}¤WÀY¡C»L¡A¤å²z½Ķ¬°ªø»L¡A»P¸}¬Û³s¡A«K¦±ºP°_¨Ó¡A³o´N¬O§Æ§B¨Ó¤å [r'K, kera' ¦r®Ú¬OÅs¦±¡BÃÛ½õ¡B©}½¥¡]³Ð¥|¤Q¤E9¡F¤ý¤W¤Q¤E18¡^ªº·N«ä¡C(2)¦³»LMT ¬O !y['r;k] al lo{~ k#ra{'ayim ¨S¦³»L¡A¦ýMT ªºµù¡A yriq]  q#ri»¡©ú al lo{À³¸ÓŪ¬° wOl lo^¨e¦³¡A³o¤j·§¦]¬°¨â¦rµo­µ¬Û¦P¦Ó²£¥Í§Û¼g¿ù»~¡C36

22.½ÀÂΡB¿Â³K¡BÁµÁ¬¡B³K»g¡@³o¥|ºØ¤j·§¬O½ÀÂÎÃþ¡C°£½ÀÂάù´£¨ì¤G¤Q¦h¦¸¤ñ¸û½T©w¥~¡A¨ä¾l¤TºØµLªkªÖ©w¾Ç¦W¡A²Ä¤G¡B¤TºØÂÎ¥u¦b¦¹³B¥X²{¡A¦Ó³K»g¤]¥u¦³¦b¥Á¤Q¤T33¡F¶Ç¤Q¤G5¡A©Ò¥H¤¤¤å½Ķ¯É¯Æ¡G½ÀÂΡB¡HÂΡB¸½ÂΡBòæÂΡ]¤å²z¡^¡B½ÀÂΡB»g¡Bîn¡B缡]¤å²z¦ê¯]¡^¡A½ÀÂΡB¨FÂÍ¡B¯ó»g¡B¥Ò¥Ñ¡]¼sªF¸ÜĶ¥»¡^¡A­¸½À¡B³K»g¡BÁµÁ¬¡Bîn´µ¡]«ä°ª¡^µ¥¡A¦]¬°»áÃøªÖ©wÂΦW¡A©Ò¥HJerusalem Bible°£½ÀÂÎ¥~¡A²n¯Ü­µÄ¶¡Gsolham¡] ![;l]S; sol`a{m ¡^¡Bhargol¡] lNOr]j'  chargo{l¡^and hagab¡]bn;j; cha{ga{b¡^¡C

³o¨Ç§A­Ì³£¥i¥s¦Y¡@¥j¥NªñªFªº¤H¬O¦Y½ÀÂΪº¡F¬Æ¦Ü¨È­z³Ì«áªº¤j¤ý¡A¨È­z¤ñ¥§§B(Ashurbanipal c669-627 B.C.)®c·µ¤¤ªºµØºá¹Ïµe¤¤¡A¤@¦ê¦êªº½ÀÂΧ@¬ü­¹¡C37ªñ¥N¤´¦³¦Y½ÀÂΪº­¹ÃСA°£¥hÀY¡A¸}©M¯Í»H¡A¥ÎºÙ¬°samnªº¯Â¤ûªo·Î¨Ó¦Y¡C38¦ý¤£¯àªÖ©w¬O§_©Ò¦³½ÀÂγ£¥i§@­¹ª«¡AµS¤Ó±Ð¶Ç²ÎHullin 59a«o©ú¤å¸T¤î¦Y¤@¤Á½ÀÂΡA©Ò¥H¦³¨Ç¾ÇªÌ»{¬°¬I¬~¬ù¿«¦Yªº½ÀÂΤD¤@ºØ¾ðªºªG¤l¡C39

 

36 D.R. Ap-Thomas, A Primer of Old Testament Text Criticism, (Fortress, 1964) p.43.

37 Harrison, Leviticus p.129.

38 Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers, p.85.

39 Ibid.

 

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34.¨ä¤¤¤@¤Á¥i¦Yªº­¹ª«¡Aªg¤ôªº´N¤£¼ä²b¡A¨Ã¥B¨º¼Ë¾¹¥×¤¤¤@¤Á¥i³Üªº¡A¤]¥²¤£¼ä²b¡@©M¦X¥»ªºÂ½Ä¶¤£¥¿½T¡C¤W¸`¥Ë¾¹ùتº¡A¨ä¤¤¤£©ë¬Æ»ò¡A´N¤£¼ä²b¡A¤w¸g»¡©ú¨º¨Ç¥i¦Yªº­¹ª«¡Aªg¤ô»P§_³£¤£¼ä²b¡A¦pªG¥»¸`¬O«ü¥Ë¾¹ùتº­¹ª«ªg¤ô¤~¤£¼ä²b¡A¤£ªg¤ô«oºâ¼ä²bªº¸Ü¡A´N»P¤W¸`¥Ù¬Þ¡C§Æ§B¨Ó¤åªº·N«ä°²³]¥Ë¾¹¬O²±¤ô¾¹¥×¡A»h»iÃþª¦ÂΦp¾Àªê¸g±`¥X¨S¦b©Ð¤lÀð¾À¡A¨e­Ì±¼¦b©Ð«ÎùØÀx¤ôªº¥Ë¾¹ùØ¡]³Ð¤Ü¥|14¡F¥Á¤­17¡F¼»¤W¤Ü¤»7-11¡F¬ù¤G6¡A¥|28¡^¡A40¦ÛµM¦Ã¬V¤F¾ã²~¤ô¡A¦pªG¤Î¦­µoı¡A·íµM¥´¯}¥Ë¾¹¡AùØ­±¤£¼ä²bªº¤ô´N¶É­Ë¤£¥Î¡A¦ý¦pªG·í®É¨Ã¤£µoı¡A·í±N³o¥Ë¾¹ªº¤ô­Ë¥X§@­¹ª«®É¤~ª¾¹D¾D¦º«Í¦Ã¬V¡A¥»¸`ª½Ä¶´N¬O¡G¥Ë¾¹ªº¤ô­Yºw¦b¥ô¦ó­¹ª«¤W¡A­¹ª«´N¦¨¬°¤£¼ä²b¡A­Yºw¦b¸Ë¤F¶¼®Æªº¾¹¥×ùØ¡A¶¼®Æ¤]¦¨¬°¤£¼ä²b¡C4135.¦ý¬O¬u·½©Î¬O»E¤ôªº¦À¤l¡A¤´¬O¼ä²b¡@¥»®Ñ±j½Õ°£¦Ã¬Vªº¤èªk¬O¥Î¤ô¨R¬~¡A©Ò¥H¥Rº¡¬¡¤ôªº¬u·½¡A©MÀx¦s¤F¤j¶q¤ôªº¦À¤l¥¦­Ì¦³¨¬°÷ªº¤ô±N¦º«Íªº¦Ã©¨R¥h¡A©Ò¥H¤w¸g¼ä²b¡A¥¦­Ìªº¤ô¤]¥i¨Ï¥Î¡C

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37-38.¤B¨}¤~´£Ä³¡AºØ¬óªg¤ô¤~ºâ¤£¼ä²bªº­ì¦]¡G¡u©ÎªÌ¬O¦]¤l²É¤@ªg¤F¤ô¡A´N®e©ö§l¦¬¬r®ðªº½t¬G¡A©M¥Ë¾¹§l¦¬¨ä¤¤©ÒµNªº¦×¥Ä¬Û­À¡]¤»28¡A¤Q¤@33¡^¡C¡v42¦ý·Å«í©MÁú©Ó¨}ªº¸ÑÄÀ¸û¬°¥i¨ú¡G¡u¤@­Ó¨Ò¥~¤]¬O«D±`¦X²zªº¡]37¡B38¸`¡^¡A´N¬O´X®É¤w³Æ¦nªººØ¤l¡A¦b¼»ºØ¤§«e±µÄ²¨ìª¦ÂΪº«ÍÅé¡A¨Ã¤£¦]¦¹¦Óªg¬V¤£¼ä¡A¦]¬°±NºØ¤l¬~Àޤϼä¬O¤£¥i¯àªº¨Æ¡C¦ý¦pªG©Ò±µÄ²ªº¬O¥Î¤ôªw¹LªººØ¤l¡A¦]¬°³o¬O¹w³Æ§@¶º¥Îªº­¹Â³¡A±N·P¬V¤£¼ä¡A¤£¯à¦A¥Î¡C¡v43

39-40¡A¤W¤å¤¶²Ð¥»³¹¤å¾Çµ²ºc¡A«ü¥X½×¦º«Í¬O¥»³¹¤@­Ó­«­n¶µ¥Ø¡A¦b¥»³¹ùØ¥i¥H¦¨¬°¤@­Ó¿W¥ßªº½ÒÃD¡A¦b½×¦º«Íªº¨º¨Ç¸g¤å¤¤¡A¥i¥Hµo²{ÄY­«©Ê¬O¤@¨B¨B¶i²`¡]32¸`µù¡^¡A½g´T¤]¬O·U¨Ó·U¦h¡G23¸`¥H«e¥u²³æ¤@¥y¡G¦ºªº§A­Ì¤£¥iºN¡]8¸`¡^¡A¦ºªº¤]·í¥H¬°¥i¼¨¡]11¸`¡^¡CµM«á¥H¤­¸`¡]24-28¸`¡^½×¦º«Í¡A¦ý±µú¦ªº³o¬q«o¦³¾ã¾ã¤Q¸`¤§¦h¡]31-40¸`¡^¡C¦Ó¤º®e¤è­±¡A¤]±q¥D°ÊºN¤£¼ä²b°Êª«©Î¦º«Í¡]24-28¸`¡^¡A¶i¦Ó½×¤Î³Q°Ê¨ü¤£¼ä²b¦º«Íªg¬V¡]31-38¸`¡^¡A³Ì«á³s¦Y¼ä²b°Êª«¦º«Íªº«áªG³£Á¿½×¡A´N§¹¦¨¤FÃö©ó°Êª«¦º«Íªº«ü¥Ü¡C

 

40 Wight, Manner and Customs of the Bible, p.2O3.

41 «ä°ª¡B²{¤¤©M·í¥N¸t¸g¤W¥b¥y¸`³£¬O§@¦pªG¨º¾¹¥×©Ò²±¸üªº¤ôºw¦b­¹ª«¤W¡A¨º¨Ç­¹ª«¨Ï¦¨¬°¤£¼ä²b¡C¦ý¤U¥b¸`«o«ö·Ó¶Ç²ÎªºÂ½Ä¶¡A²±¸Ë¦b¤£¼ä¾¹¥×ùØ­±ªº¤ô¡A¤]­n¦¨¬°¤£¼ä²b¡A«o­«½Æ¤F¤W¸`¨ä¤¤¤£©ë¦³¬Æ»ò´N¤£¼ä²b¡C¦Ó¥B­Y¾¹¥×¨ü¦Ã¬V¡A¥²¶·¥´¯}¡A´N¤£¥i¯à¦A²±¸ü¤ô¤F¡A³o³W±ø¦¨¬°¦h¾l¡C

42 ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡Ap.78.

43 Áú©Ó¨}¡A¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡Ap.105¡FWenham, Leviticus, p.180.

 

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45 M. Noth, Das dritte Buch Mose, (Go/ttingen, 1962) p.76, quoted by William L. Moran, "The Literary Connection Between Lv 11: 13-19 and Dt. 14: 12-18", CBQ 28, (1966): 271.

46 M. Noth, The Laws in The Pentateuch and Other Studies, (Oliver & Boyd, 1966) pp.56ff.

47 Noordtzij, Leviticus, pp.121-123¦CÁ|³\¦h«D±`ªñ¥Nªº¦Ò¥j¥i¥H¤ä«ù³o­Ó¬Ýªkªºµo²{¡C

48 ·s¬ù§Æ¥@¤å¤¤¤åÃã¨å¡Ap.103.

49 K.H. Bernhardt, "Ugaritic Texts", Near Eastern Religious Texts Relating to the Old Testament, ed., W. Beyerline, (SCM, 1978) p.126.

50 ¨ÈªÙ©Ôhr;vea} ~@she{ra{h¬O­{«n¤k¯«¦W¦r¡A³o¦r©M¦X¥»¦³®É½Ķ¬°¤ì°¸¡]¥X¤Ê¥|13¡F¥Ó¤Q¤G2-3µ¥¡^¡Cªñ¥N¾ÇªÌ¹ï¨ÈªÙ©Ôªº¬ã¨s¥i°ÑL.L. Walker, "Asherah", ZPEB I: 355; Ze'ev Meshel, "Did Yahweh Have a Consort?", BAR, (1979): 24-34; John Day, "Asherah In The Hebrew Bible And NorthWest Semitic Literature", JBL 105, (1986): 385-408; W.L. Reed The Asherah In the Old Testament, (Texas Christian University Press, 1949) pp.97-101.

 

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¦³¾ÇªÌ¥H¬°¸t¦aªº¤Ñ®ðª¢¼ö¡A¼¯¦è¤£¥u¬O¥H¦â¦C¥Á±Ú©v±Ðªº¥ßªkªÌ¡A¦P®É¤]¬O¥L­ÌªºªÀ·|»â³S¡A©Ò¥H¡A¥L¥²©w·|·ÓÅU¤Î¦Ê©m¥Í¬¡ªºúҥͩM°·±d¡A§K¨Ï¦Ê©m¥Í¯f¡B°I®z¡B¦­¦º¡A¦Ó¤£¯à§¹¦¨¤W«Ò°U¥Iµ¹¥Lªº¨Ï©R¡C51¶ø§BµÜ(Albright)«ü¥X¦­¦b¥H¦â¦CÁÙ¨S¦³¶i­{«n¤§®É¡A­{«n¤H¥»¨­¸g¤w¹ï¤£¼äªº­¹ª«¦³©Òĵı¡A¦]¬°³o¨Ç­¹ª«¨Ï¥L­Ì¥Í¯f¡C52®L²z¥Ó«h»¡¤£¼ä²bªº°Êª«±a¦³±H¥ÍÂΡA©Ò¥H¤£¾A¦X¤H­¹¥Î¡C53

¨ä¤¤³Á¼w(D.L. Macht)Âå¥ÍªºÃĪ«¾Ç¬ã¨s³ø§i«ü¥X¤£¼ä²bªº°Êª«§t¦³¸û°ªªº¬r¯À¦¨¥÷¡C54

µM¦ÓÄÀ¸g¾Ç¤£¯à³æ±j½Õ¸Ñ¸gªÌªº¬ì¾Çª¾ÃÑ¡A·Å«íÃD¿ô¡G¡u³æ³æ¦]¬°§Ú­Ì¹îı¤@¨Ç±ø¨Ò¥]§túҥͪº¦]¯À¡A¨Ã¤£·N¨ý¸t¸g§@ªÌ¤]¥²¶·¦³³o¼Ëªº¨£¸Ñ¡C¦³¦n´X¤è­±¥O¤H¬Û«H§@ªÌ¨Ã¤£¥H¬°³o¨Ç¬Oúҥͱø¨Ò¡C¡v55

­º¥ý¡A¦búҥͪº¬ì¾Çª¾ÃÑ¡A½Þ°¦·|¶Ç¬V±Û¤âÂίf(trichinosis)ªº¶Ç²Î»¡ªk¦b³¯¼C¥úªº±M¤åùØ56³Q»é¥¸¡C®Ú¾Ú³Á¼w(Mackt)Âå¥Íªº¬ã¨sµ²ªG¡A¦­¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¥H«e¤H­Ìµo²{½Þ°¦·|¶Ç¬V±Û¤âÂίf¤§«e¡A¤£¿ù¤H¤w¸g©È½Þ¦×·|¶Ç¬VįÂÎ(tape worm)¤F¡C¦ý¤H¤]§Ñ¤F¦Ï¦P¼Ë·|¶Ç¬VįÂΡB¤û°¦¤]·|±o¨ì¨xÂΪº¡C³½¤]¬O¤@¼Ë·|¦³Ä¯ÂΡC³o¨Ç±H¥ÍÂΩҲ£¥Íªº¯}Ãa©Ê¤£¨È©ó±Û¤âÂίf¡A¥L»{¬°³Á¼wÂå¥Íªº¸ÕÅ礣°÷§¹¥þ¡A¥L­º¥ý¨S¦³´úÅç©øÂΡA¨ä¦¸¡A¤£¼ä²b°Êª«§t¦³¸û°ªªº¬r¯À¦¨¥÷¬O§_¬OúҥͤWªº­ì¦](hygienic effects)¤]¨S¦³ÃÒ©ú¡C¥L»{¬°³o­Ó¸ÕÅ礣°÷¥þ­±¡A©Ò¥H¡A¥Húҥͪº­ì¦]¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ³o¬q¸g¤å¬O¤ñ¸û®zªº¡C·Å«í¸É¥R«ü¥X¡Aúҥͦ]¯À¥u¯à¸ÑÄÀ¤@³¡¥÷¦Y¦×¸T¥O¡A¦ý¦³¨Ç¼ä²b°Êª««o¸û¤£¼ä²b°Êª«§ó¤£úҥ͡A57¦Ó¥B¦pªG¼¯¦è¯à¬ì¾Ç¤Æ¦aµo²{½Þ¦×ÂΩMµß¼ç¥ñ©Ê¦MÀI¡A¤]À³¸Óª¾¹DµN³z¤w¨¬¥i±þµß¡A®ø°£¤£¼ä²b¡C¨È©Ô§B¤H¦Û¥j¥H¨Ó¡A¤@ª½µøÀd¾m¦×¬°¬Ã«~¡A¨SªkÃÒ©ú¼¯¦è®É¥N¥H¦â¦C¤H©Ò¹}¾iªºÀd¾m¤ñ¸û¾Fªñ¥Á±Úªº¦³úҥͪº°ÝÃD¡C58°£¦¹¦Ó¥~¡A´Óª«¤£¦C¦b¼ä²b°Q½×½d³ò¤º¡A¦¨¬°ÄÀ¸gªºÄaºÃ¡A³\¦h¦³¬rªº´Óª«²£¥Í¦³®`ªº¦MÀI¡A¥»³¹°¦¦r¤£´£¡A·t¥Ü¼ä²bªº¥D­n­ì¦]¨Ã¤£¬Oúҥͦ]¯À¡C

«ö·Ó¥H¸g¸Ñ¸gªºÄÀ¸g­ì«h¡A·s¬ù¸g¤å§_©wúҥͬO¨M©w­¹ª«¼ä²b»P§_³Ì¥D­nªº¦]¯À¡C­C¿q»¡¡G§A­Ì­nÅ¥¡A¤]­n©ú¥Õ¡A¤J¤fªº¤£¯à¦Ã©¤H¡A¥X¤fªº¤D¯à¦Ã©¤H¡K¡K°Z¤£¦p¤Z¤J¤fªº¡A¬O¹B¨ì¨{¤lùØ¡A¤S¸¨¦b­T´ZùØ»ò¡H±©¿W¥X¤fªº¡A¬O±q¤ßùصo¥X¨Óªº¡A³o¤~¦Ã©¤H¡A¦]¬°±q¤ßùصo¥Xªº¡A¦³´c©À¡K¡K³o³£¬O¦Ã©¤Hªº¡]¤Ó¤Q¤­10-11¡B17-20¡^¡C³o¬q¸Ü¥¿¦n¸ÑÄÀ¬ù¼ä²b±ø¨Ò¨Ã¤£¬O°ò©óúҥͦ]¯À¡A¦ÓµÛ­«¹D¼w©Ê¡C«á¨Ó¯«¦b²§¶H¤¤±N¤£¼ä²bªº°Êª«­°µ¹©¼±o¡A¥s¥L®_¤F¦Y¡A¤S»¡¨º¨Ç¤£¼ä²bªº­¹ª«¤w¬°¯«©Ò¼ä²b¡]®{¤Q9-16¡^¡A¬Û«H¾ÇªÌ¤£·|¥H¬°·s¬ù±Ò¥Ü±Núҥͪº¼Ð·Ç­°§C¡A¨Ï¬ù¤£¼ä²bªº°Êª«¦X®æ¡C³Ì«á¡A¦b­C¸ô¼»§Nªº·|ij¤¤¡]®{¤Q¤­³¹¡^«ü¥Ü¥~¨¹«H®{¡A¤£¥i¦Yªº¦Ã©¡]19¸`¡^¬O«ô°¸¹³ªºª«¡]29¸`¡^¡A±j½Õ¼ä²bªº·q«ô·N¸q¡C

 

51 Áú©Ó¨}¡A¦Ø¥¼¬öÄÀ¸q¡A¡]«ä°ª¸t¸g¾Ç·|¡A¥xÆW¡^p.110¡F¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡Ap.79-82.

52 Albright, Yahweh and the Gods of Cannon, (N.T. Douleday Anchor, 1968) p.175-81.

53 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, (Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1969) p.390-391, ¸Ô²Ó¤¶²Ð³\¦h¤£¼ä²b°Êª«¦búҥͤ譱©Ò²£¥Íªº°ÝÃD¡C

54 D.I. Macht, An Experimental Pharmacological Appreciation of Lev. II and Deut. 14, BHM 27, (1954): 444-50.

55 Wenham, Leviticus, p.167.

56 Kim-Kwong Chan, "You Shall Not Eat These Abominable Things: An Examination of Different Interpretation On Deuternomy 14: 3-20", Eastern Asia Journal of Theology 3, (1985): 88-106.

57 J. Simoons , Eats Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances in the Old World, (University of Wisconsin, 1961) pp.37ff.

58 Wenham, Leviticus, p.168.

 

(3)¤ß²zªº·P¨ü

³o­ÓÁ¿ªk«ü¥X¤HÃþ¥»¨­¹ï¬Y¨Ç°Êª«¦³¦ÛµMªº§Ü©Ú¤ß²z¡C¥¦¤£¥u©ó°Êª«ªº¥~§Î¦Ó¤w¡A¦Ó¥BÁÙÃö«Y¨ì¥L­Ìªº²ß©Ê¡A¤£¼ä²bªº³¾Ãþ¬O¦×­¹ªº¡A©ÎªÌ¦Y¦º«Íªº¡A¦pÆN¡Bóç¡B³o¨Ç°Êª«³£¥O¤H¼¨¹½¡A¬ö³Í¶ø»{¬°³o¬O¤À§O¼ä»P¤£¼ä°Êª«ªº­ì¦]¡A59Mishnah ªºHullin 3¡G6¤]¤ä«ù³o­Ó»¡ªk¡C¨Ò¦p¤À¿á­ËÄZªº°Êª«¬O¤£¥H¦×­¹¬°¥Dªº¡A¦Yªº¬O¯ó©M¹àªK¡A©Ò¥H¼ä²b¡F¤£¼ä²bªº¬O¥Î´x¦æ¨«ªº°Êª«¦pª¯¡B¿ß¡]§Q¤Q¤@27¡^³£¦Y¦×­¹¡A´N¤¶©w¬°¤£¼ä²b¡C¤£¹L¡A¥Ø«e§Ú­Ì¯à¯u¥¿ªº¤À¿ë¥X©Ò¦³ªº³¾Ãþ©|¦³§xÃø¡]13¸`µù¡^¤S«ç¯àª¾¹D¥L­Ì¬O¦×­¹ªº³¾Ãþ©Î­¹»G«Íªº©O¡H¦Ó³½Ãþ¤S¬O¦p¦ó¸ÑÄÀ¬O¼ä²bªº¡AµL¯ÍµLÅì¬O¤£¼äªº©O¡H60¾ÇªÌ­Ì¥ø¹Ï¸Ñµª¤À¿ë¼ä²b»P¤£¼ä²bªº°Êª«ªº­ì«h¡A¥i±¤¥u¯à¸ÑÄÀ¤F¤@¤p³¡¥÷¦Ó¤w¡C¦b¥L­Ìªº¨¤«×¬Ý¨Ó¬O¥i¯à¬Y¨Ç°Êª«¥~§Î¥O¤H¼¨¹½¡A¦ý¥i¯à¦b§Oªº¤å¤Æ¤¤«o¤£¥H¬°¬O©O¡H¨Ò¦pÀd¾m¬O¤£¼ä²bªº°Êª«¡A¦ý¨È©Ô§B¤H«o¥H¨e¬°¬ü­¹¡A¦P®É¸g¤å¤]¨S¦³»¡©ú¨e­Ì¥i¼¨¬O¦]¬°¥L­Ìªº¶¼­¹²ßºD©Î¥~§Î¤£¶®¡C§K¤l¦h¼Æ¤H³£³ß·R«o¤Sºâ¬°¤£¼ä²b¡A¤Ï¦Ó¦³¯Í»Hªº©øÂΤ£¨£±o¬O¦h¤HªºÃdª«¡A«o¦C¤J¥i¦Yªº¼ä²bª«¡C

 

59 Keil, Commentary On the Old Testament, p.357.

60 Ãö©ó³½Ãþªº¼ä²b°ÝÃD¡CR.L. Harries, Man-God's Eternal Creation, (Grand Rapids, Moody Press, 1971) pg.140¦³¥i¨Ñ°Ñ¦Ò¤§³B¡GThe waters off Ezion-geber are abundant in varied warm water life. What is good and what is dangerous is not easy to discover. It is impossible to tell whether inshore clams at that time were carriers of hapatitis as some may be now. The current dangers are likely due to contamination from cities. But at least the scale fish are safe at any time. Albright makes the point that the scale fish are free-swimming fish and are usually safe to eat. The non-scale fish like eels, at least those in the Nile water, ....carries harmful parasites.

 

(4)¸t¼äªº¤À§O

¥H¸t¼ä¬°­ì¦]¬O¥t¤@­Ó¸ÑÄÀªº¤èªk¡C¦]¬°¸g¤å¤W»¡©ú¤F¯«§h©J¦Ê©m­n¦b¶¼­¹¤W¤À§O¼ä²b©M¤£¼ä²b¡A¥i¼¨ªº­ì¦]¬O¦]¬°¥L¬O¸t¼äªº¯«¡C

²Ä44¸`¡G¡u§Ú¬O­C©MµØ§A­Ìªº¤W«Ò¡A©Ò¥H§A­Ì­n¦¨¬°¸t¼ä¡C¦]¬°§Ú¬O¸t¼äªº¡C§A­Ì¤]¤£¥i¦b¦a¤Wªºª¦ª«¦Ã©¦Û¤v¡C¡v¥t25¡B26¡u©Ò¥H§A­Ì­n§â¼ä²b¡B©M¤£¼ä²bªº¸VÃ~¡B¤À§O¥X¨Ó¡B¤£¥i¦]§Úµ¹§A­Ì¤À¬°¤£¼ä²bªº¸VÃ~¡B©Î¬O´þ¥Í¦b¦a¤Wªº¬¡ª«¡B¨Ï¦Û¤v¦¨¬°¥i¼¨´cªº¡C§A­Ì­nÂk§Ú¬°¸t¡A¦]¬°§Ú­C©MµØ¬O¸tªº¡A¨Ã¥s§A­Ì»P¸U¥Á¦³¤À§O¡B¨Ï§A­Ì§@§Úªº¥Á¡C¡v¥t¤@³B¸g¤å¡A§ó²M·¡¥¿­±¦a»¡¥X¸t¼ä¬O¤£¦Y¤£¼ä²b°Êª«ªº­ì¦]¡G§A­Ì­n¦b§Ú­±«e¬°¸t¼ä¡A¦]¦¹¥Ð¶¡³Q³¥Ã~¼¹µõ¬¹¯bªº¦×¡A§A­Ì¤£¥i¦Y¡A­n¥áµ¹ª¯¦Y¡]¥X¤Ü¤G31¡^¡C©Ò¥H¦Ì¸ôª÷(Milgrom)µû½×¡G¡u¸t¸gªk³W«Ü¤Öªþ±a¸t¼äªº­n¨D¡A§ó¨S¦³¤@±ø¹³­¹ª«±ø¨Ò¨º¼ËÂ_Äò­«½Æ¦a±j½Õ³o¸t¼äªº­n¨D¡C¡v61

¸t¼ä¦b§Æ§B¨Ó¤å¥u¬O¤@­Ó¡u¸t¡vªºÆ[©À¡C¤¤¤å«o¤w¸g§â¡u¼ä¡vªºÆ[©À¤]¥]¬A¦b¤º¤F¡C¡u¸t¡v¡] vdq q-d-sh ªº­ì·N¬O¤À§O¥X¨ÓÂkµ¹¯«¡C62¦b¨È¥Ò¤åªº·N«ä¬O¨Ï¼ä²b¡B¯Â²b¡B©M©^Äm¥X¨Óªº¡A¦Ó¯Q¥[¦C¤åªº°ò¥»·N«ä¬O¡u¸t¡v¡A§t¦³©v±Ðªº¦â±m¡C63¡u¸t¡v©M¡u¼ä¡v¨ä¹ê¦³±K¤ÁªºÃö«Y¡A¡u¼ä¡vªº­ì¤å¬O rhf t-h-r¡A¥¦ªº·N«ä¬O¥Ñ¤£¼ä¡] amf t-m-'¡^·í¤¤¥X¨Ó¡A´N¬O¼ä²bªº¡C¡u¸t¡vªº·N«ä¬O¥Ñ«Uªº·í¤¤¤À§O¥X¨ÓÂkµ¹¯«¡A©Ò¥H»¡¡A¸t¼ä¦³¤£¥i¤À³ÎªºÃö«Y¡C¤Z¬OÂkµ¹¯«ªº¡A³£À³¸Ó¬O¡u¼ä¡vªº¡A¦ý¡u¼ä¡vªº­Y¤£Âkµ¹¯«¥¦¬O«Uªº¡A¤£¬O¸tªº¡C·Å«í¥Î¤F³o¼Ëªº¹Ïªí¥hªí¹F¥¦­Ì¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡G64

±N¥H¤W¨âºî¦X¦¨¬°¤U­±¹Ïªí

¦pªG¡u¸t¼ä¡v¬O­ì¦]ªº¸Ü¡A«K«Ü®e©ö©ú¥Õ¤À§O²b»P¤£²b°Êª«ªº°Ê¾÷¡C¸t¼äªº¯«­n§â¤l¥Á¤À§O¬°¸t¡A¦Ó¸t¼äªº¤@ºØ¥Í¬¡ªí²{¬O¦b­¹ª«¤è­±ªº¦u±ø¨Ò¡C

³o­Ó»¡ªk¸Ñ¨M¤F¤@¨Ç¸ÑÄÀ¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡A¨Ò¦p¥¦¥i¥H±µ±o¤W¸g¤åªº¤W¤å¤U²z¡A³e³q¾ã­Ó«ßªk¨å³¹¡A©M¦X²zªº¸ÑÄÀ¤F³o¨Ç­¹ª«°Ï¤Àªº²z¥Ñ¡C¤£¹L¡A¨ÌµM¦³¥¦ªº°ÝÃD¦s¦b¡A´N¬O¤£¯à¸ÑÄÀ¦³Ãö³¾ªº¸T¨Ò¡A³o­Ó¤èªk¤]¤£¯à¸ÑÄÀ¬°¬Æ»ò½­µæ¬O¨S¦³¤À§Oªº¡C

 

61 J. Milgrom, "The Biblical Diet Laws as an Ethical System", Interpretation 17, (1963): 291-292.

62 R. Baker Girdlestone, Synonyms of the Old Testament, (Grand Rapids, Eerdmens, 1983) pg. 175.

63 T.E. MeComiskey, S. V, " qa{dash", in TWOT 2: 786-8.

64 G.J. Wenham, The Book of Leviticus, (Grand Rapids, Eerdmands, 1979) pg.19.

 

(5)¤HÃþ¾ÇªºÆ[ÂI

¥D±i³o­Ó²z½×ªº¬O§ù®æÄR(Marry Douglas)¡A65³o¦ìªÀ·|¾Ç®a»{¬°¨C¤@­Ó¤å¤ÆùØ¡A³£¾Ö¦³¥¦¦Û¤v¹ï©ó¼ä»P¤£¼äªº¬Ýªk¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç¤å¤Æ¤WªºÆ[©À©¹©¹·|§ë®g¨ì©v±Ðªº¼h­±ùØ¡C¸t¼äªº·N«ä¬O«ü¼ä²b¡A¤£¸t¼ä·íµM´N¤£¼ä²b¤F¡C¬°³o­Ó½t¬G¡A©v±Ð¤Wªº¸t¼äÆ[´Nµø¥G¤å¤Æ¤Wªº¸t¼äÆ[¦Ó©w¡C¦b¦o¬Ý¨Ó¡A¸t¼ä¬O¤@­Ó§¹¥þªº(Wholeness)Æ[©À¡C³o­Ó§¹¥þ¡A¦b¿n·¥¤è­±¨Ó»¡¬O«ü§¹¥þ¡B¯Â²b¤§·N¡A¦b®ø·¥¤è­±¬O«ü¨ì»·Â÷´c©M¦Ã©¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A²V²c¤£²M¡A²VÂø¬O¤£¼äªº¡A¤£³\¥iªº¡C¨Ò¦p²§±Ú³q±B´N¬O²VÂø¡A¬O¤£¼äªº¡C¸t¼ä´N¬O§¹¥þªº³o­ÓÆ[©ÀÁÙªí²{¦b¥t¨â­Ó¼h­±ùØ¡F¨ä¤@¬O¦×Åé¤Wªº§¹¥þ¡A¨ä¤G¬O¹D¼w¤Wªº§¹¥þ¡F·N«ä´N¬O»¡¸t¼ä¤£¦ý¹ï¤º¤ß¦³­n¨D¡A¹ï¥~¦b¥Í¬¡§ÎºA¦P¼Ë¦³­n¨D¡C¦Ó§Q¤Q¤@³¹¬O¸t¼ä¡A§¹¥þ¥Í¬¡ªº¤@­Ó³~¸g¡C©ó¬O¦o¹ï°Êª«¤§¶¡ªº¼ä²b´N¦³¤@­Ó¸ÑÄÀ¡G°Êª«¬É¤@¦@¤À¦¨¤T¤jÃþ¡A§Y³¾Ãþ¡B¨«Ã~Ãþ©M³½Ãþ¡C¨C¤@Ãþªº°Êª«³£¦³¨e¥~§Î¤Wªº¼Ð·Ç¯S¼x¡AÄ´¦p³¾Ãþ¬O¦³¯Í·|­¸¦³¸}·|¦æªº¡F¨«Ã~¬O¦³¿á¥i¨«ªº¡A³½¬O¦³Å_¥i´åªº¡A¥u­n¥ô¦ó®ü¡B³°¡BªÅªº¥Íª«²Å¦X¥H¤W©Ò´£ªº¼Ð·Ç¯S¼x¡A´N¬O¼ä²bªº°Êª«¤F¡C©Ò¥H¤Z¤ô±ÚµLÅìµL¯Í´N¬O¤£¼äªº¡F©øÂη|­¸¦ý¦³¦h¨¬©Ò¥H¤£¼ä¡A½ÀÂΦ]¬°¦³¨â°¦¸õ¨¬¦Ó¥B·|­¸¡A©Ò¥H¼ä²b¡Fª¦¦æªº°Êª«¦]¦¹´N¤£¼ä²b¤F¡C¡u¸t¼ä¡v­n¨D¨e­Ì¨C­Ó³£Âk¦^¥»¦ì¡Aªþ¦X¥»Ãþªº¼Ð·Ç¯S¼x¤~¬O¸t¼ä¡C(Holiness requires that individuals shall conform to the class to which they belong)¡C66

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65 M. Douglas, Purity and Danger, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1966) pg.65-72.

66 Douglas, Purity, p.53.

67 "Deciphering a meal, Daedalus 101(1972), 61-81, reprinted in Natural Symbols, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975) p.249-275.

68 M. Douglas, "The Abominations of Leviticus", B. Lang, ed., Anthropological Approaches to the Old Testament, (SPCK, 1985) pp.113-114.

69 Harrison, Leviticus, pp.121-122; Noordtzij, Leviticus, p.121.

70 Noordtzij, ibid; ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡Ap.73.

71 Michael P. Carroll, "One More Time: Leviticus Revisited", Anthropological Approaches to the Old Testament, p.118.

72 The New Westminster Dictionary of the Bible, ed., Henry Gehmann, (Westminster Press, 1970) p.118.

73 Gridlestone, Synonyms of the Old Testament, p.175.

 

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¦Ü©óÆF·Nªº¸Ñªk¡A¦ü¥G¤w¸g¤£¤Ó¬°²{¤µªº¸Ñ¸g®a©Ò±µ¨ü¤F¡A²{¥NªºÄÀ¸g¡A¦Û±q°¨¤B¸ô¼w¥H«á¡A³£ª`·N©ó¤åªk¡B¾ú¥vªº­I´º¸ê®Æ¥hµo±¸¸g¤åªº­ì·N¦h¹L¥H¦Û¤vªº·N«ä¥[¤J¸g¤å¤§¤º¤F¡C

 

74 ´J·N¸Ñ¸g(Allegorical Method)¦h¦b¦­´Á±Ð¤÷®É¥N³Q¹B¥Î¡A±Ð¤÷¦p·R¥ô¯Ã(Irenaeus)¡Bªi§Q¥Ò(Polycarp)¡B¨È¾ú¤s¤jªº­²§Q§K(Clement of Alexandria)¡B«X§Q®Ú(Origen)µ¥¡AÄÝ©ó¨È¾ú¤s¤j¾Ç¬£(Alexandrian School's)¡A¥L­Ì¥D±iµo±¸¸g¤å¤¤ªº¤T­«·N«ä¡A«X§Q®Ú¬Æ¦Ü¦³¥|­«·N«ä¡Cª`·Nªº¬Oªí­±¤å¦r¥H¥~ªºÄÝÆF·N¸q¡C¸Ô±¡°Ñ¦ÒWalter C. Kaiser Toward an Exegetical Theology(Michigan: Baker, 1983) pg.57-9.

75 S. Stein, "The Dietary Laws in Rabbinic and Patristic Literature", Texte Und Untersuchungen Zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 64(1957): 141-154.

76 ¤Þ¦Û¤W¤å¡C

77 Irenaeus, Against Heresies, v. 84(?AD 185)

78 Bonar Andrew A., A Commentary on Leviticus, (London: The Banner Truth Trust, 1972) pg.214-26.

79 ¸ë¥É»Ê¡A¸t¸g­n¸qI, pp.296-297.

80 ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼°OµùÄÀ¡Ap.72.

81 ¹ï´J·N¸Ñ¸gªº¹úºÝ¡A¥i°Ñ¬ÝÄÀ¸g¾Ç®ÑÄy¡A¨Ò¦pÄõ©i¡A°ò·þ±ÐÄÀ¸g¾Ç¡A¡]¬ü°ê¬¡¬u¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1983¡^ pp.21-38; ³Í·æ.µØ¼w¡A¸Ñ¸g¯«¾Ç±´°Q¡A¡]¤¤µØºÖ­µ¯«¾Ç°|¡A1985¡^¡F A.B. Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible, pp.230-235 µ¥¡C

 

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82 Wiliam Barclay The Acts of the Apostles(Westminster, 1976) p.80.

83 ²Ä¤@¸`¦³´X­Ó¤H¡A¦è¤è¸g¤å(Western Text)¼g§@¡G¦³´X­Ó«H®{¬Oªk§QÁɱЪùªº¤H¡AµL½×¦p¦ó¡A¤U¤å²M·¡Åã¥Ü³o´X­Ó¤H§Y¬O²Ä5¸`ªºªk§QÁɱЪùªº¤H¡C

84 ³o¨â¥ó¨Æªº¥ý«á¾ÇªÌ­Ì·N¨£¤£¤@­P¡A¦ý©¼¦¹¬Û³s¬O²@µLºÃ¶¡¡AÃö©ó³o¨â¨Æªº¥ý«á¦¸§Ç¡A¥i°Ñ¥¬¦p¥q(F.F. Bruce)¨Ï®{¦æ¶Ç¡A¡]®û«Å¡A1969¡^ pp.363-366; William Neil, The Acts of The Apostles, (Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1973) pp.167-170; Richard N. Longe&necker, "The Acts of the Apostles", The Expositor's Bible Commentary, ed., Frank E. Gaebelein, vol 9(Zondervan, 1981) pp.439-442.

85 Wenham, Leviticus, pp.182-183.

86 ¥¬¦p¥q¡A¨Ï®{¦æ¶Ç¡Ap.380

87 ¦P¤W¡Ap.378.

 

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88 sugcrwntai sugchro{ntai¥u¦³¦¹³B¥X²{¡A¦ý¤¤¤å¶Ç²ÎªºÂ½Ä¶µS¤Ó¤H©M¼»º¿§Q¨È¤H¨S¦³¨Ó©¹¦b¥»¸`¤W¤U¤å¥Ù¬Þ¡A¦]¬°ªù®{´N¬O¨ì¼»º¿§Q¨È¤Hªº«°ùضR­¹ª«¡A©Ò¥H¾ÇªÌ¦h¼Æ³£¥H¥u¦r¬°¬O¨S¦³¦P¥Î¤@­Ó¾¹¥×ªº¡]§f®¶¤¤Ä¶¥»®Çµù¡^¡C°ÑLeon Morris, Commentary On the Gospel of John, (Eerdmans, 1971) pp.258-259; F.F. Bruce, The Gospel of John, (Eerdmans, 1983) p.103; T.E. Pollard, "Jesus and the Samaritan Woman", Expository Times 92, (1980) pp.147-148; ¶ð´µ¹Å(R.V.G. Tasker)¤B¹Dº¸·s¬ùµùÄÀ¡G¬ù¿«ºÖ­µ¡]ÃÒ¹D¡A1982¡^ p.56.

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